Polkadot is a relay chain connecting independent blockchains (parachains) under shared security. Parachains inherit Polkadot's validators rather than bootstrapping their own, and communicate cross-chain through XCM.

Cosmos is a network of independent blockchains that communicate natively via IBC. This post explains the hub-and-zone architecture, how the Inter-Blockchain Communication protocol works, and where the system's real constraints live.

Cosmos is a network of independent blockchains that communicate natively via IBC. This post explains the hub-and-zone architecture, how the Inter-Blockchain Communication protocol works, and where the system's real constraints live.

Avalanche achieves sub-two-second finality through repeated random subsampling — a different class of consensus design. Here's how the mechanism works, where the tradeoffs live, and what the subnet architecture actually means.

Polygon is Ethereum scaling infrastructure — a sidechain with cheap fast transactions and a growing suite of ZK-proof technology. This post explains how Polygon PoS works, how it differs from true rollups, and what is changing with the ZK transition.

BNB Chain is a smart contract blockchain developed by Binance that runs Ethereum-compatible applications at low fees. This post explains how it works, what its validator structure means for trust, and what would change your understanding of it.

Litecoin is one of Bitcoin's earliest technical variants — same proof-of-work design, different parameters. This post explains what was changed, why, and what Litecoin's continued relevance actually depends on.

A blockchain bridge lets you move assets between separate blockchain networks. Learn how bridges work, why they exist, and why they've become one of crypto's biggest security targets.

A blockchain oracle is a system that connects smart contracts to real-world data. Learn how oracles work, where they're necessary, and why they introduce a distinct category of risk.

Yield farming describes deploying crypto assets into DeFi protocols to earn returns from fees, lending interest, or token emissions. The mechanism is real; whether the yield is sustainable depends on which of those three sources is paying you.

A liquidity pool is a smart contract holding token reserves that enables decentralized trading without order books or counterparties. This post explains the constant product formula, impermanent loss, pool depth, and how concentrated liquidity changed the model.

A blockchain transaction is a cryptographically signed instruction broadcast to a network, validated by nodes, and permanently written into a block. This post explains the full lifecycle — from signature to confirmation — along with why fees exist, why transactions are irreversible, and what's changing with account abstraction and Layer 2.