A crypto wallet doesn't hold your crypto — it holds the cryptographic keys that prove your right to move it. This post explains key pairs, transaction signing, HD derivation, and how different wallet types (software vs hardware) differ in where signing happens.

Gas fees on Ethereum are calculated as gas units used x (base fee + priority fee). This post explains how EIP-1559 changed the fee model, what drives each component, and how the Layer 2 roadmap is shifting the economics.

Staking yields come from three sources—protocol issuance, priority fees, and MEV—each responding to different conditions. Here's how the numbers are actually generated, and what changes them.

Proof of stake creates ledger security through economic skin in the game, not energy. Here's the step-by-step mechanism: validator deposits, block proposals, committee attestation, and cryptographic finality.

Proof of work secures Bitcoin by making attacks expensive in the physical world — not through clever code. Here's how the mechanism connects energy expenditure to ledger integrity.

Mining isn't about solving puzzles to create coins. It's about ordering transactions and making that ordering expensive to reverse. Here's the actual mechanism behind proof-of-work.

Ethereum transactions carry more than value — they trigger computation. Here's how the account model, gas mechanism, EVM execution, and EIP-1559 fee market work together.

A Bitcoin transaction is a cryptographically signed message that transfers ownership of unspent outputs from one address to another. Understanding the UTXO model, digital signatures, and confirmation process explains why Bitcoin behaves the way it does.

The metaverse in crypto refers to blockchain-anchored virtual environments where digital ownership is recorded at the protocol layer rather than controlled by a central platform. This post explains how it works, where the constraints live, and what would need to change for the concept to move beyond its current footprint.

Web3 describes an internet architecture built on public blockchains for ownership, identity, and value transfer without platform intermediaries. Here's how the model actually works — and where the gap between idea and reality currently sits.

A memecoin is a cryptocurrency whose primary value driver is social attention rather than technical utility or economic mechanism. Here's how the system actually works — and why most collapse while a few endure.

Dogecoin is a proof-of-work blockchain forked from Litecoin in 2013, with no supply cap and ~1-minute block times. This post explains the mechanism, the design tradeoffs behind unlimited inflation, and what the sparse development environment means for the network.