Smart contract verification confirms that published source code matches the bytecode deployed on-chain. Here's how to check it, what the proxy problem means for verification, and what a verified contract still doesn't tell you.

Practical on-chain checks for identifying scam tokens before buying — contract verification, honeypot detection, liquidity lock status, holder distribution, and the limits of each method.

A plain-language guide to the anatomy of a blockchain transaction — what every field means on Ethereum and Bitcoin, and how to find what you're actually looking for.

An eclipse attack isolates a single blockchain node by monopolizing all its peer connections. The network stays healthy — only the victim's view is compromised. Here's how the mechanism works and how nodes defend against it.

A re-entrancy attack exploits the gap between a smart contract's external call and its state update, allowing an attacker to drain funds by recursively re-entering the function before balances are zeroed.

A Sybil attack is when one actor creates many fake identities to gain disproportionate influence over a decentralized network. Here's how the mechanism works, what prevents it, and where the risk still exists.

A replay attack copies a valid signed transaction from one blockchain and broadcasts it on another — without the original sender's consent. The mechanism exploits shared transaction formats after hard forks. EIP-155 solved it in 2016 by including the chain ID in every signature.

Flash loans must be borrowed and repaid in a single blockchain transaction. Attacks use them to temporarily access massive capital — manipulating price oracles or governance — to exploit protocols that assumed capital takes time to move.

A dusting attack sends tiny amounts of cryptocurrency to many wallet addresses — not to steal funds, but to map them. Here's how the UTXO consolidation mechanism enables surveillance, and what wallets are doing about it.

A sandwich attack wraps a victim's DEX trade between two bot transactions — one before, one after — to profit from the predictable price impact. This post explains the mechanism, the slippage variable, and what's changing structurally.

Front-running in crypto happens when bots read your pending transaction in the public mempool and execute ahead of it for profit. Here's how the mechanism works, why it's legal, and what actually reduces exposure.

A rug pull is a fraud where crypto project teams drain accumulated funds and disappear. This post explains the three main mechanics — liquidity rug, contract backdoor, and slow rug — and what structural defenses exist.